Which type of surgery includes axillary dissection as part of the procedure?

Axillary dissection is typically associated with procedures that involve the removal of lymph nodes as part of cancer treatment, particularly for breast cancer. In a modified radical mastectomy, both the affected breast tissue and some axillary lymph nodes are removed, making it crucial for staging and treatment planning. This approach allows for the evaluation of the extent of cancer spread, which is vital for determining the appropriate adjuvant therapy.

In contrast, a simple mastectomy primarily focuses on the removal of breast tissue without the axillary nodes, while a lumpectomy is a conservative procedure that only excises a tumor along with a small margin of surrounding tissue, usually sparing the lymph nodes. Breast reduction surgery, while it may involve some lymphatic management, does not typically include axillary dissection aimed at cancer treatment purposes. Thus, the modified radical mastectomy is the correct answer as it significantly involves axillary dissection in its surgical approach.