What are the classic signs of compartment syndrome?

The classic signs of compartment syndrome are pain, paresthesias, pallor, paralysis, and pulselessness.

Pain is often the first and most prominent symptom, typically described as severe and out of proportion to the injury, which raises suspicion for compartment syndrome. Paresthesias refer to abnormal sensations like tingling or "pins and needles," which can be indicative of nerve involvement due to increased pressure within the compartment. Pallor, the pale appearance of the skin, can occur because of decreased blood flow. Paralysis may develop as a result of nerve compression, leading to weakness in the affected muscles. Finally, pulselessness suggests that arterial blood flow has been compromised due to the elevated interstitial pressure.

This combination of symptoms is critical for recognizing compartment syndrome, which requires prompt intervention to prevent irreversible damage to muscles and nerves. Other options presented do not encapsulate the triad of symptoms associated with this condition.